Management of violence Essay Example

Management of violence Essay . Management of disturbed/violent behavior in-patient in psychiatric units was started to deal with systems arising such a attempted suicide, drug addiction, acute alcohol intoxication, violence and occurrences of delusions, panic attacks and some changes in the behavior in the mentally ill patients (Soyka, 2000).   This resulted to the formation of emergency psychiatry that monitors the occurrences and nature of these symptoms and other appropriate treatments and prevention measures. (Crighton, 1995, p22). Violent in this case refers to using or tending to use aggressive physical force or involving unlawful exercise of force. Aggressive act or behavior means being forceful, attacking without provocation. Violent/aggressive behavior in inpatients therefore means use of force by these people in different setups and is characterized by factors such as psychotic symptoms, non-compliance with medication and treatment, and drug abuse (Shah, Fine berg and James, 1991). Guidelines on mana gement of Disturbed/ violent behavior in inpatients settings and emergency departments for mental health assessment was started by NICE in collaboration with NCC-NSC.The guidelines provide that before any treatment was carried, risk assessment was very assential. This is a very important part of care and treatment of all patients (simon, 1992,p50). Risk assessment provides the positive predictive validity of short-term psychiatric in inpatient-disturbed behavior (Haller and Deluty, 1988). The assessment should focus on static factors such as history of violent behavior, demographic information and diagnosis without taking an individual service user needs into consideration (Sheridan etal, 1990). Most patients with severe aggressive behavior have been admitted in special closed rooms. These patients are normally confined in a closed room that may be locked to protect others from significant harm (Brizer, 1989, p49). This is seclusion and it means the supervised confinement of a patient in a room, which may be locked to protect others from significant harm (Melo, 1991). However seclusion should be used as the last resort for the shortest time possible and the clinicians are not suppose to view it as a punishment to the patient. Other risk management should also be observed by the clinicians like placing alarms in the room to repo rt any emergency help needed (Schwarz, 1970). We will write a custom essay sample on Management of violence specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Management of violence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Management of violence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The inpatients that are highly involved with the disturbed aggressive and violent behaviour have been found to be females (Lance etal1995).   More young ladies have been found to fall victims of patients with violent behaviour as compared to old ones (Lalla, 1995, p76).   Schizophrenic patients normally require a lot of care and the mode of treatment should be as fair as possible.   If at all any force or pressure is to be applied then it is supposed to be done according to the legal requirements governing and protecting the rights of the patients (Infatino and Musingo, 1985). The violent and aggressive behaviour in patients admitted in psychiatric wards do normally occur in the day   (Elbadri and Mellosop, 2002, p399).   Probably this has not been explained however most of stress is experienced when the victims do interact with quite a big number of people.   These people are believed to be contributors of a lot of stress and therefore triggering the occurrence of the violent and aggressive behaviour.   The most commonly form of illness found in these patients is schizophrenia where diagnosis proves that nurses are also victims (Melo, 1991, p70).   This could occur due to counter transference during the intervention process. The rate of the violent behavior in the inpatients also varies according to the cultural background of the patient (Davis, 1991).   This shows that socio-cultural factors are very important issues that should be checked when dealing with the behaviour in patients. For example blacks and minority ethnics groups in America are found to be highly involved in the aggressive violent behavior (Simon, 1992, p63).   This is because of the high occurrence of racial discrimination in the area. Blacks and minority ethnic service users must therefore identify aboard member to take specific responsibility for all matters relating to equality and diversity (Fottrel, 1980). The responsibilities must include the nature and adequacy of service provision in relation to the short-term management of disturbed behavior. Training should therefore be provided on all matters of equality and diversity, monitoring service usage by ethnicity and consultation with local blacks and minority ethnic groups (Jamesetal, 1990). The intervention and prevention measures should be less resistant and all the strategies should be fair to everybody (El-Badri and Mellsop, 2002).   However various measures have been put into place to reduce the occurrence of the aggressive behaviour.   The prevention can be more effective when the medication is done in the psychiatric wards (Davis, 1991).   The inpatients are locked and the clinician and his team offer effective medication.  Ã‚   Community intervention has been found not to yield any substantial result because most of the activities involved are too complex and complicated and therefore wanting close supervision.   This can only be done by knowledgeable and skillful clinicians (Schwarz, 1978, p53). Most of aggressive behavior in the in-patient units mostly involves patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders.   These patients have been found to have acute psychotic or manic (Davis, 1991, p585).   There is evidence that a history predict the future occurrence of violence behavior.   For example psychiatric patients who have been found to misuse drugs have shown a significant risk factor for aggression and disturbed behavior. The selected scenario is violent behavior in chronic schizophrenia and inpatient psychiatry.   These are the most affected inpatients however psychiatric patients have responsibilities as well as rights.   They are supposed to take part in the treatment process and to respect the rights and needs of other people (Melo, 1991, p80).   As citizens they are expected and should observe legal procedures that are provided to monitor and control their conduct in court especially when they fall in crime.   In most settings physicians and clinicians have fallen in violence or assaults by the patient.   They argue that acts of violence against the person or property are not common in psychiatric settings and therefore require a special condition when providing guidance in the area (Tardif, 1989, p75). The following are some of the factors that might be considered during the management of violent/disturbed behavior among these patients, in inpatient suffering from schizophrenia.   The violence incidence of the behaviour normally occurs in different set ups.   These set ups may include emergency rooms, psychiatric wards, during home visits or in community hospitals.   These incidences actually vary from minor verbal assaults to long threatening attacks that occasionally might result in serious physical injury or deaths always are in state aggression.   They therefore require a highly knowledgeable doctors or psychiatrics to attend to them. (Cantwell, 1999, p151). However the intervention process might be challenged with a number of problems.   The team may be threatened by the patients, which might interfere with the clinician’s spirit of maintaining fairness in the intervention process.   The clinician may develop a feeling of objection and counter transference in the process.   This therefore makes the management decision to become very complex and complicated (Atakan, 1995, p594).   The team that is supposed to accompany the clinician may include family members, friends to help in the intervention process.   The whole management and intervention process is very cumbersome and therefore a number of issues have to be addressed for effective treatment measures to take place. Normally before treatment is done the history of the occurrence of the behaviour has to be recorded down (Schwarz, 1970, p197).   The safety of the patient and the clinician plus should be assured.   The various clinical issues also will be required to be addressed. If not properly handled the whole process might be poor.   When the violence or assault takes place proper assessment of the patient’s mental status should be done.   This should include the mental functioning processes, appropriate security measures, physiotherapy and behavioral approaches (Yudofsky, 1986, p37).   The treatment team should therefore come up with a suitable plan to take an effective measure on the security measures and steps to be followed during the intervention process .The clinician is expected to have a record of the patient’s history on the occurrence of the aggressive behavior.   The history should include the records of previous treatment details, history of the violence, degree of the occurrence of the behavior and some of the consequences of the incident of the victim.   The records of past psychiatric diagnosis and measures he used in place should also be crosschecked (Simon, 1992). This means that management decision should not only be based on one or two factors should but a number of issues on the management are considered.   If legal action has been initiated, clinical staff should ensure that the various victims are supported throughout the process (Yudofsky, 1986, p36).   The legal system requires that the patient should be presented to the court.   The police, lawyers and the family members are expected to come before the court and make a statement .If the incident happen in an institution such as schools and colleges, the administration should be informed as soon as possible if legal action has been verified and taken. The students and any responsible staff should inform the patient that the complaint has been recorded and the police are supposed to investigate in the issue concerning it (Lanza, 1983,p43).   Patients normally have the right to counsel, the staff should inform the lawyer if in any case he might request for the counseling services.    Otherwise counseling is not supposed to be given without the consent of the lawyer.   Appropriate measures should be made to cooperate with the law enforcement officers when the trying to help the patient. Gender needs (WHO, 1992) must be taken into consideration in the management of disturbed /violent behavior in psychiatric inpatient settings. For example women are more likely be self harm and suffer from depression while men are more likely to experience earlier onset and more disabling cases schizophrenia (Latta, 1995,p86). Women mental health needs should be conducted in relation to an individual woman’s experience, beliefs, struggles as well as her ethnic group, age and sexual performance. Another factor that should be looked into is the training of the staff.   The clinician and the team need to be trained on appropriate skills to manage the disturbed behaviors in a psychiatric setup (Cantwell, 1999, 152).   Training should be provided on the various intervention procedures.   The training is normally carried on the awareness of racial discrimination, spiritual needs, gender differences and cultural differences.   The training has been offered by the National Health Services (NHS) Security management Service (SMS) (Mellsop, 2000,p399). They have also come up with a training curriculum that can effectively be used in the management of the violence.   The National Institute for Mental Heath in England (NIMHE) is also drawing up a formatted scheme for trainers. (Sheridan, 1985, p77). The staff also needs to be aware of the legal procedures that authorize the use of various intervention measures.   The guidance of Mental Health Act Code of practice should be followed.   This is the only policy that guides the staff should any risk and threat occur.   During physical intervention the staff should be able to protect their eyes, necks and heads (James, 1990, p846).   A team member should be selected to lead the staff in providing physical security.   Direct pressure should not at any point be applied to the patient during the application of physical intervention.   The force applied should be fair and reasonable and if possible should be less harmful as possible. (James, 1990,p852). Oral medication may also be provided for rapid tranquillization.   The rapid tranquillization is very important sine it provides a state of calmness thereby reducing the risk that might be posed on the service users and other team members (Fottrel, 1980).   This should be followed with giving some ample time for clinical responses between oral doses of medication for rapid tranquillization (Lance, 1995, p610). Doses for rapid tranquillization as also accepted however this must be done upon following its legal framework. The manufacturer’s guidelines should be followed to avoid the risk of death and any other problem that might occur (Link,1992).   This means that a specialist from pharmacy and poisons Board should assess the nature of the drugs used if they satisfy the current marketing system. Conclusion. The short-term management of Disturbed/violent behavior in inpatient can only be effective if NICE guidelines are observed. This should start with risk assessment, consideration of gender differences and close supervision of the legal framework governing the process. With proper training of supportive staff the intervention process can be properly managed. Otherwise since the introduction of the NICE guidelines cases of Disturbed /Violent behavior in patients with mental illness has been in the decline.

How to Write a Book Review

How to Write a Book Review How to Write a Book Review Book reviews could be found in almost every newspaper or internet portal. There are different types of reviews. Some of them only introduce their readers to the particular book, other try to go deeper and to carry out a real analysis of the book. In our times of modern technologies and internet, it is better not to copy the practice of many internet users to write a short description of a book. Short reviews are easy to be written and also do not â€Å"waste† the time of the reader, but still they are not able to shed light on the book described. Hence, as it seems, not so many people know how to write a book review in the proper sense of the term. Your approach towards writing a book review needs to be based on three key elements: knowledge, interpretation and advice. Let’s check each of them in order to better explain the process of writing a book review. Knowledge If this task is assigned to you, and you hesitate what to write and how to do it, you are probably not a very experienced author. You should start from reading critical analyses and commentaries of the books. By reading them, you will know how to structure the paper, how to read the book itself, and how to discover the key meanings of the book in question. Analyses are boring in almost all cases, but you need to train your mind in this direction. Afterwards you have to start reading professional book reviews not written by readers, as it is with the web site Amazon.com for instance, but professional reviews in specialized newspapers and magazines. The final step of this stage includes reading a lot about your particular author- biography, achievements, interests, critical reception. Now you are ready to go to the second stage- interpretation and understanding. Interpretation of the book Your task involves not only a description of the book, but expressing your personal opinion on it as well. Be careful while dealing with them both: discern the one from the other. Your description needs to be adequate and realistic. Describe the main characters, their interactions and the plot. This description should not exceed one-fourth of the review. Of course, the good description requires an excellent understanding from you. There are some complicated plots which could leave every reader in the darkness. If this is the case, read other analyses, thus you will be able to notice key messages which otherwise will be incomprehensible for you. Now, it is time to discover the meaning of the book. What does the author intend to say? How does he/she say it? Perhaps several views on life are interwoven here: the advantage of novels is the diversity of characters â€Å"inhabiting† them; the same could be said about volumes with short stories. Thus, you will not be able to perfectly interpret a book; but your task is to elaborate an adequate interpretation. Advice for writing a book review The last stage of writing the paper turns around expressing your personal opinion on the book. Here you may allow yourself to be more subjective. Tell why you like, or do not like the book; what flaws you have found in it; what are its advantages. However, you should avoid extreme comments, and also to let the reader analyze the book for themselves. In this sense, you need to be pluralistic, in order to show respect for the reader. You must be confident while starting your work. Readers do not feel sympathy for reviewers who seem confused or incompetent. For that reason revise your paper several times as refine it in the best possible way. How to Write a Book Review How to Write a Book Review A company providing support in all kinds of book review writing can be a good source of help when you need a book review. Books related to any discipline and of any kind can be reviewed excellently by following the instructions. If you do not know how to do a book review writing, do not get upset as we are here to help you. So, follow the instructions given below for book review writing: Read the book for which you are going to do book review writing. While reading, summarize all the chapters in your own words. Evaluate the book. Closely look into the writing style of author, what words he/she uses mostly, how he/she has managed to deliver his/her views regarding the main topic and what theme he/she has followed to write the book. Try to find out the centre of the book, the main idea around which the whole text is revolving. Find out the strong and weak aspects of the writer which he/she has shown in his/her writing. Highlight the strong and weak points in your review writing. Try to find out how the writer has justified his/her claims that he/she made in his/her written work. Introduce the text clearly. Conclude in the last. Remember writing book reviews is a small exercise, you should not write a number of pages for it. Try to cut it short. First of all do the drafting for book review writing, then check it and write it with amendments. Try to keep the review as simple as you can. Moreover, it should be easily understandable. If you are still in need of assistance, contact us and we will resolve all of your problems related to book review writing.

Admiral Graf Spee - World War II - Kriegsmarine

Admiral Graf Spee - World War II - Kriegsmarine Admiral Graf Spee - Overview: Nation: Germany Type: Heavy Cruiser/ Pocket Battleship Shipyard: Reichsmarinewerft , Wilhelmshaven Laid Down: October 1, 1932 Launched: June 30, 1934 Commissioned: January 6, 1936 Fate: Scuttled on December 17, 1939 Admiral Graf Spee - Specifications Displacement: 14,890 tons Length: 610 ft., 3 in. Beam: 71 ft. Draft: 24 ft. 1 in. Speed: 29.5 knots Complement: 951-1,070 men Admiral Graf Spee - Armament Guns (as built) 6 Ãâ€" 28 cm (11 in.) SK C/28 (2 x 3)8 Ãâ€" 15 cm (5.9 in.) SK C/288 Ãâ€" 53.3 cm (21 in.) torpedo tubes Admiral Graf Spee - Design Construction: A Deutschland-class panzerschiffe (armored ship), Admiral Graf Spees design was intended to nominally conform to the naval restrictions set forth by the Treaty of Versailles which ended World War I. These limited future German warships to 10,000 long tons. Though the vessels of Deutschland-class exceeded this displacement, the German designers devised numerous methods to reduce weight. These included the incorporation diesel propulsion and the large-scale use of welding. The class armament centered on six 11-inch guns mounted in two triple turrets. As a result, the Deutschland-class ships were able to deliver a potent attack despite their relatively small size. As a result of this, they became know in other navies as pocket battleships. Capable of around 28 knots, they were able to out-gun many of the foreign warships that were fast enough to catch them. Laid down at Reichsmarinewerft in Wilhelmshaven on October 1, 1932, the new panzerschiffe was named for Vice Admiral Maximilian Reichsgraf von Spee who had defeated the British at Coronel on November 1, 1914, before being killed at the Battle of the Falklands a month later. Launched on June 30, 1934, the vessel was sponsored by the late admirals daughter. Work continued on Admiral Graf Spee for another eighteen months. Commissioned on January 6, 1936, with Captain Conrad Patzig in command, new cruiser drew much of its crew from the old battleship Braunschweig. Departing Wilhelmshaven, Admiral Graf Spee spent the early part of the year conducting sea trials. Upon their completion, it was designated flagship of the German Navy. Admiral Graf Spee - Prewar Operations: With the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936, Admiral Graf Spee entered the Atlantic Ocean and commenced non-intervention patrols off the coast of Spain. After conducting three patrols over the next ten months, the cruiser put into Spithead in late May 1937 to take part in the Coronation Review for King George VI. At the conclusion of the ceremonies, Admiral Graf Spee returned to Spain where it relieved its sister ship, . Returning home late in the year, it participated in fleet maneuvers and made a goodwill call to Sweden. Following a final non-intervention patrol in early 1938, command of the ship passed to Captain Hans Langsdorff in October. Embarking on a series of goodwill visits to Atlantic ports, Admiral Graf Spee also appeared in a naval review in honor of Hungarian regent Admiral Miklà ³s Horthy. After visits to Portuguese ports in the late spring of 1939, the ship returned to Wilhelmshaven. Admiral Graf Spee - World War II Begins: Anticipating the beginning of World War II, German leader Adolf Hitler ordered Admiral Graf Spee to sail for the South Atlantic to be in position to attack Allied shipping. Departing Wilhelmshaven on August 21, Langsdorff steered south and rendezvoused with his supply ship, Altmark, on September 1. Alerted to the beginning of hostilities, he was directed to stringently adhere to prize law when attacking merchant vessels. This required the raider to search ships for war materials before sinking them and ensuring the safety of their crews. On September 11, one of Admiral Graf Spees floatplanes spotted the heavy cruiser HMS Cumberland. Successfully evading the British ship, Langsdorff received orders on September 26 directing him to initiate a campaign of commerce raiding against Allied shipping. On September 30, the cruisers floatplane sank the steamer Clement. To ensure the crews safety, Langsdorff radioed Brazilian naval authorities and informed them of the attack. Alerted to the pre sence of a German raider in the South Atlantic the Royal and French Navies formed eight groups consisting of four carriers, two battleships, one battlecruiser, and sixteen cruisers to hunt down Langsdorff. Admiral Graf Spee - Raiding: On October 5, Admiral Graf Spee captured Newton Beach and two days later sank the cargo vessel Ashlea. Though the former initially was used as a prisoner transport, it proved too slow and was soon discarded. Taking Huntsman on October 10, Langsdorff retained the steamer and took it to a rendezvous with Altmark a week later. Transferring prisoners to his supply ship, he then sank Huntsman. After sinking Trevanion on October 22, Langsdorff steered for the Indian Ocean in an attempt confuse his pursuers. Sinking the tanker Africa Shell on November 15, Admiral Graf Spee turned for the Atlantic in order to refuel from Altmark. While rendezvousing on November 26, the cruisers crew made efforts to alter the ships silhouette by building a fake turret and a dummy funnel. Continuing his campaign, Langsdorff sank the freighter Doric Star on December 2. In the course of the attack, the Allied ship was able to radio for aid and relay its position. Receiving this, Commodore Henry Harwood, commanding the Royal Navys Force G, steered for the River Plate anticipating that this area would be Admiral Graf Spees next target. Harwoods command consisted of the heavy cruiser HMS Exeter and the light cruisers HMS Ajax (flagship) and HMS Achilles. Also available to Harwood was Cumberland which was refitting in the Falkland Islands. The sinking of Doric Star was quickly followed by an attack on the refrigerator ship Tairoa. Meeting a final time with Altmark on December 6, Langsdorff sank the freighter Streonshalh the next day. On board, his men found shipping information that led him to decide to move against the River Plate estuary. Admiral Graf Spee - Battle of the River Plate: On December 13, Admiral Graf Spee spotted masts off the starboard bow. While Langsdorff first believed these to be convoy escorts reports soon informed him that it was a British squadron. Electing to fight, he ordered his ship to maximum speed and closed with the enemy. This proved a blunder as Admiral Graf Spee could have stood off and hammered the out-ranged British warships with its 11-inch guns. Instead, the maneuver brought the cruiser within range of Exeters 8-inch and the light cruisers 6-inch guns. With the enemys approach, Harwood implemented a battle plan which called for Exeter to attack separately from the light cruisers with the goal of splitting Langsdorffs fire. At 6:18 AM, Admiral Graf Spee opened the Battle of the River Plate by firing on Exeter with its main guns while its secondary armament targeted Ajax and Achilles. Over the next half hour, the German vessel hammered Exeter disabling both its forward turrets and starting several fires. In return, the British cruiser hit Admiral Graf Spees fuel processing system with an 8-inch shell. Though his ship appeared largely undamaged, the loss of the fuel processing system limited Langsdorff to sixteen hours of usable fuel. To aid their compatriot, the two British light cruisers closed on Admiral Graf Spee. Thinking the British ships to be making a torpedo attack, Langsdorff turned away. The two sides continued the fight until around 7:25 AM when the action came to an end. Pulling back, Harwood decided to shadow the German ship with the goal of attacking again after dark. Admiral Graf Spee - Scuttling: Entering the estuary, Langsdorff made a political error in anchoring at Montevideo in neutral Uruguay rather than the friendlier Mar del Plata, Argentina to the south. Putting in a little after midnight on December 14, Langsdorff landed his wounded and asked the Uruguayan government for two weeks to make repairs. This was opposed by British diplomat Eugen Millington-Drake who argued that under the 13th Hague Convention Admiral Graf Spee should be expelled from neutral waters after twenty-four hours. Advised that few naval resources were in the area, Millington-Drake continued to press for the ships expulsion publically while British agents arranged to have British and French merchant ships sail every twenty-four hours. This action invoked Article 16 of the convention which stated A belligerent warship may not leave a neutral port or roadstead until twenty-four hours after the departure of a merchant ship flying the flag of its adversary. As a result, these sailings held Admiral Graf Spee in place while additional naval forces were gathered. While Langsdorff lobbied for time to repair his ship, he received a variety of false intelligence which suggested the arrival of Force H, including the carrier HMS Ark Royal and battlecruiser HMS Renown. While a force centered on Renown was en route, in reality Harwood had only been reinforced by Cumberland. Completely deceived and unable to repair Admiral Graf Spee, Langsdorff discussed his options with his superiors in Germany. Prohibited from allowing the ship to be interned by the Uruguayans and believing that certain destruction awaited him at sea, he ordered Admiral Graf Spee scuttled in the River Plate on December 17. This decision infuriated Hitler who l ater directed that all German ships were fight until the end. Taken to Buenos Aires, Argentina with the crew, Langsdorff committed suicide on December 19. Selected Sources Panzerschiffe Admiral Graf SpeeGerman Navy: Admiral Graf SpeeLangsdorff of the Graf Spee

Ethical Reasoning in Business Decisions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ethical Reasoning in Business Decisions - Essay Example In the research, the emphasis is given on the use of ethical reasoning for developing important business decisions. The specific issue is reviewed using as an example the marketing plan of a tobacco firm, GB Tobacco, especially in regard to South East Asia. The decisions of the firm’s manager Fiona Fuller are analyzed through appropriate theory. Recommendations are made for potential alternatives and changes, where necessary so that the firm’s marketing plan in South East Asia is not opposed to ethics. As explained in the case study, Fiona Fuller has to face a significant challenge in the short term: she has to identify a strategy for enhancing the growth of the firm’s profits. The market of South East Asia seems to be an ideal place for achieving such target since elsewhere the perspectives for the firm’s growth are limited mostly due to the changes in the legislation related to tobacco products. The options proposed by Suppakorn would be evaluated using the Seven Step model, a theoretical framework that allows the identification of ethical dilemmas and constraints in regard to critical business decisions. The Seven Step Model of ethical decision making would help Fiona Fuller to develop ethical decisions. The specific model incorporates seven phases, which can be described as follows: a) Identification of the facts, meaning those issues that can be considered as having ethical implications. In the specific case, these facts are: in Malu existing legislation bans the import of cigarettes; still, the unregulated market is well developed. As a result, the import of cigarettes in the country needs to be necessarily developed through smuggling distributors in neighboring regions. The marketing strategy of GB Tobacco needs to be designed taking into consideration the above fact, i.e. the non-legal import of the firm’s products in the market of Malu.

System Development and Project Management Essay

System Development and Project Management - Essay Example We are interested in a system development, which can manage projects within the organization. Organizations felt the need for system development as the requirements increases. First of all, they have to depute a team leader or manager who plans, manages and controls the development process of the project. The project manager has to understand the requirements of the client and then determine the scope of the project. At the same time, a system development team has to be created by those employees who have requisite qualifications and knowledge. The team should be lead by dynamic, able leader who can control and manage the project. Normally due to lengthy projects having complex activities and scarce resources, development team feels demotivated. Employees having negative attitudes also create problems in the team results in lower productivity. Unproductive work environment, inefficient project management styles, lack of stakeholders’ interest and commitment of senior managemen t team results in a demotivated team, low level of productivity, delay in projects and subsequent failure of projects. So before forming a system development team we have to analyze on the above aspects first then only we can move forward to develop a system to manage projects. Previously software development consists of a programmer writing codes to solve a problem or automate a procedure. Nowadays systems are so big and complex that team of architects, analysts, programmers, testers and users must work together.  

Symbols, Symbolism, and Allusions in The Stranger (The Outsider) :: Camus Stranger Essays

Symbolism and Allusions in The Stranger " That's all for today, Monsieur Antichrist." " Specking very quickly and passionately, he told me that he believed in God, that it was his conviction that no man was so guilty that God would not forgive him, but in order for that to happened a man must repent and in so doing become like a child whose heart is open and ready to embrace all". A. The people in this short quote is Monsieur as the judge is talking to him. The judge don't think Monsieur believe in Jesus because Monsieur is always talking about how he does not care about anything and he rather just be in jail where he belongs. B. The quote that I think the author is trying to carry out through the story is the second quote I wrote down, because the author is saying that you need to repent and ask for forgiveness to God. Monsieur lawyer keeps telling him about Jesus and telling Monsieur that he needs to forget about the wrong things that he did in life and repent to God, but Monsieur being big headed is not going to listen because he think what he did is wrong and he should pay the price for what he did. C. The allusion that Albert Camus is trying to get at, is that people believed in antichrist and Albert is trying to say that if you do something wrong in life you can always repent and ask God for forgiveness. V. Representative Passage on Tone and Author's Philosophy " After a short time silence, he stood up and told me that he wanted to help me, that I interested him, and that, with God's help, he would do something for me." A. I think this passage tell us about the author prospective because he is telling us that if you ask for help and if you want the help it will happened. So what I am trying to say is that I if you are not a Christian and you have a friend that believe in Jesus and if you don't believe in Jesus you have to listen to your friend to understand what is going on so you can accept Jesus.

Ch1 Analysis

CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL REPORTING MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Charging off equipment that cost less than $20 would be an example of the application of: a. |going concern| b. |cost| c. |matching| d. |materiality| e. |realization| ANS:D 2. The going concern assumption: a. |is applicable to all financial statements| b. |primarily involves periodic income measurement| c. |allows for the statements to be prepared under generally accepted accounting principles| d. |requires that accounting procedures be the same from period to period| e. |none of the answers are correct| ANS:C 3.Understating assets and revenues is justified based on: a. |realization assumption| b. |matching| c. |consistency| d. |realization| e. |none of the answers are correct| ANS:E 4. The assumption that enables us to prepare periodic statements between the time that a business commences operations and the time it goes out of business is: a. |time period| b. |business entity| c. |historical cost| d. |transactio n| e. |none of the answers are correct| ANS:A 5. Valuing assets at their liquidation values is not consistent with: a. |conservatism| b. |materiality| c. |going concern| d. |time period| . |none of the answers are correct| ANS:C 6. The business being separate and distinct from the owners is an integral part of the: a. |time period assumption| b. |going concern assumption| c. |business entity assumption| d. |realization assumption| e. |none of the answers are correct| ANS:C 7. The principle that assumes the reader of the financial statements is not interested in the liquidation values is: a. |conservatism| b. |matching| c. |time period| d. |realization| e. |none of the answers are correct| ANS:E 8. An accounting period that ends when operations are at a low ebb is: a. a calendar year| b. |a fiscal year| c. |the natural business year| d. |an operating year| e. |none of the answers are correct| ANS:C 9. The accounting principle that assumes that inflation will not take place or will be immaterial is: a. |monetary unit| b. |historical cost| c. |realization| d. |going concern| e. |none of the answers are correct| ANS:A 10. Valuing inventory at the lower of cost or market is an application of the: a. |time period assumption| b. |realization principle| c. |going concern principle| d. |conservatism principle| e. |none of the answers are correct| ANS:D 11.The realization principle leads accountants to usually recognize revenue at: a. |the end of production| b. |during production| c. |the receipt of cash| d. |the point of sale| e. |none of the answers are correct| ANS:D 12. The comment that â€Å"items that are not material may be recorded in the financial statements in the most economical and expedient manner possible† is representative of: a. |matching| b. |conservatism| c. |realization| d. |materiality| e. |none of the answers are correct| ANS:D 13. The assumption that deals with when to recognize the costs that are associated with the revenue that is being re cognized is: a. matching| b. |going concern| c. |consistency| d. |materiality| e. |none of the answers are correct| ANS:A 14. The most significant current source of generally accepted accounting principles is the: a. |New York Stock Exchange| b. |Accounting Principles Board| c. |Accounting Research Studies| d. |AICPA committee on Accounting Procedure| e. |Financial Accounting Standards Board| ANS:E 15. All but one of the following statements indicates a difference between the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and prior approaches. Select the one that is not a difference. a. The FASB is independent of the AICPA. | b. |The size of the board is much smaller. | c. |The FASB has broader representation. | d. |The FASB is the primary board for the development of generally accepted accounting principles. | e. |Members of the FASB serve on a full-time basis. | ANS:D 16. The Accounting Principles Board issued Opinions between: a. |1959-1973| b. |1939-1959| c. |1973-present| d. |1966 -1976| e. |none of the answers are correct| ANS:A 17. The Financial Accounting Standards Board has issued statements between: a. |1960-1973| b. |1939-1959| c. |1973-present| d. 1966-1976| e. |none of the answers are correct| ANS:C 18. Accountants face a problem of when to recognize revenue. Which of the following methods of recognizing revenue is not used in practice? a. |point of sale| b. |point of order acceptance| c. |end of production| d. |receipt of cash| e. |revenue recognized during production| ANS:B 19. The organization that has by federal law the responsibility to adopt auditing standards is the: a. |New York Stock Exchange| b. |Public Company Accounting Oversight Board| c. |Accounting Principles Board| d. |Financial Accounting Standards Board| . |AICPA Committee on Accounting Procedure| ANS:B 20. By law, the setting of accounting standards is the responsibility of the: a. |AICPA Committee on Accounting Procedure| b. |New York Stock Exchange| c. |Accounting Principles Board | d. |Securities and Exchange Commission| e. |Financial Accounting Standards Board| ANS:D 21. The assumption that allows accountants to accept some inaccuracy, because of incomplete information about the future, in exchange for more timely reporting is: a. |conservatism| b. |time period| c. |business entity| d. |materiality| e. |realization| ANS:B 22.Which of the following does not relate to The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB)? a. |Two members of the board must be CPAs| b. |In addition to appointing the five members of the PCAOB, the SEC is responsible for the oversight and enforcement authority over the Board| c. |The PCAOB consists of five members appointed by the SEC| d. |The PCAOB is to adopt auditing standards| e. |The PCAOB is to adopt accounting standards| ANS:E 23. Understating expenses is justified based on: a. |time period assumption| b. |conservatism assumption| c. |materiality assumption| d. |matching assumption| . |none of the answers are correct| ANS: E 24. At the end of the fiscal year, an adjusting entry is made that increases salaries payable and increases salaries expense. This entry is an application of which accounting principle? a. |full disclosure| b. |materiality| c. |matching| d. |realization| e. |historical cost| ANS:C 25. Accountants provide for inflation using which of the following accounting principles? a. |going concern| b. |time period| c. |conservatism| d. |materiality| e. |none of the answers are correct| ANS:E 26. Which of these measurement attributes is not currently used in practice? . |historical cost| b. |relevant cost| c. |current market value| d. |current cost| e. |present value| ANS:B 27. The following data relate to Swift Company for the year ended December 31, 2008. Swift Company uses the accrual basis. Sales on credit|$250,000| Cost of inventory sold on credit|170,000| Collections from customers|220,000| Purchase of inventory on credit|150,000| Payment for purchases|140,000| Selling expenses (accrual basis)|40,000| Payment for selling expenses|45,000| Which of the following amounts represents income for Swift Company for the year ended December 31, 2008? a. $60,000| b. |$50,000| c. |$40,000| d. |$35,000| e. |$30,000| ANS:C 28. The following data relate to Rocket Company for the year ended December 31, 2008. Rocket Company uses the cash basis. Sales on credit|$180,000| Cost of inventory sold on credit|130,000| Collections from customers|170,000| Purchase of inventory on credit|140,000| Payment for purchases|150,000| Selling expenses (accrual basis)|20,000| Payment for selling expenses|25,000| Which of the following amounts represents income for Rocket Company for the year ended December 31, 2008? a. |$30,000| b. |$5,000 loss| c. |$40,000| . |$45,000| e. |$50,000| ANS:B 29. The following data relate to Gorr Company for the year ended December 31, 2008. Gorr Company uses the accrual basis. Sales for cash|$200,000| Sales for credit| 220,000| Cost of inventory sold | 180,000| Collec tions from customers| 300,000| Purchases of inventory on credit| 190,000| Payment for purchases| 180,000| Selling expenses (accrual basis)| 50,000| Payment for selling expenses| 60,000| Which of the following represents income for Gorr Company for the year ended December 31, 2008? a. |$180,000| b. |$185,000| c. |$190,000| d. |$200,000| e. none of the answers are correct| ANS:C 30. The following data relate to Falcon Company for the year ended December 31, 2008. Falcon Company uses the cash basis. Sales for cash|$180,000| Sales for credit| 190,000| Cost of inventory sold| 210,000| Collections from customers| 350,000| Purchases of inventory on credit| 200,000| Payment for purchases| 220,000| Selling expenses (accrual basis)| 60,000| Payment for selling expenses| 70,000| Which of the following amounts represents income for Falcon Company for the year ended December 31, 2008? a. |$90,000| b. |$80,000| c. |$70,000| d. $60,000| e. |none of the answers are correct| ANS:D 31. Other than Dec ember, the most popular month for fiscal year-end is: a. |January| b. |March| c. |June| d. |September| e. |October| ANS:D TRUE/FALSE 1. In order to determine the economic success of a grocery store, we should view it as separate from the other resources that are owned by this individual. ANS:T 2. Many of our present financial statement figures would be misleading if it were not for the going concern assumption. ANS:T 3. The going concern assumption does not influence the classification of assets and liabilities. ANS:F 4.The most accurate way to account for the success or failure of an entity is to accumulate all transactions from the opening of business until the business eventually liquidates. ANS:T 5. An entity usually cannot reasonably account for the profits related to inventory until that inventory is sold in the normal course of business. ANS:T 6. To the extent that money does not remain stable, it loses its usefulness as the standard for measuring financial transactions. ANS: T 7. A loss in value of money is called inflation. ANS:T 8. At the time of originally recording a transaction, historical cost also represents the fair market value.ANS:T 9. It would always be conservative to value inventory at market. ANS:F 10. Accountants normally recognize revenue when cash is received. ANS:F 11. The 1933 and 1934 U. S. federal securities laws virtually gave the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) authority and responsibility for the development of generally accepted accounting principles. ANS:T 12. The Statements of Financial Accounting Concepts are intended to provide the Financial Accounting Standards Board with a common foundation and the basic underlying reasoning on which to consider the merits of various alternative accounting principles. ANS:T 13.Eventually, the Financial Accounting Standards Board intends to evaluate current principles in terms of the concepts established in the Financial Accounting Concepts. ANS:T 14. Financial Accounting Concepts establish generally accepted accounting principles. ANS:F 15. According to the second Financial Accounting Concept, those characteristics of information that make it a desirable commodity can be viewed as a hierarchy of qualities, with understandability and usefulness for decision making of most importance. ANS:T 16. Performance indicators for nonbusiness organizations are usually formal budgets and donor restrictions.ANS:T 17. Reasonable inaccuracies of accounting for an entity, short of its complete life span, are accepted. ANS:T 18. Using the business entity assumption, the financial statements are prepared separate and distinct from the owners of the entity. ANS:T 19. The time period assumption indicates that the entity will remain in business for an indefinite period time. ANS:F 20. Timeliness is a pervasive constraint imposed upon financial accounting information. ANS:F 21. Relevance and reliability are two primary qualities that make accounting information useful for decision making. ANS:T 22.Predictive value, feedback value, and timeliness are ingredients needed to ensure that the information is reliable. ANS:F 23. Decision usefulness is a pervasive constraint imposed upon financial accounting information. ANS:F 24. Relevance is a quality requiring that the information be timely and that it also have predictive value or feedback value or both. ANS:T 25. The SEC has the authority to determine generally accepted accounting principles and to regulate the accounting profession. ANS:T 26. Some industry practices lead to accounting reports that do not conform to the general theory that underlies accounting.ANS:T 27. All important events that influence the prospects for the entity are recorded and therefore are reflected in the financial statements. ANS:F 28. The accrual basis of accounting recognizes revenue when realized (realization concept) and expenses when incurred (matching concept). ANS:T 29. The cash basis recognizes revenue when cash is received and expenses when cash is paid. ANS:T 30. The accountant records only the events that affect the financial position of the entity and that can be reasonably determined in monetary terms. ANS:T 31.The Sarbanes-Oxley Act has far-reaching consequences for financial reporting and the CPA profession. ANS:T 32. Among the many responsibilities of the PCAOB is to adopt accounting standards. ANS:F 33. For a public company, the SEC requires that a report be filed annually on its internal control systems. ANS:T 34. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act has had an insignificant effect on the relationship between the company and the internal auditor. ANS:F 35. Reporting under Sarbanes-Oxley revealed that very few companies had material weaknesses in their controls and processes. ANS:F 36.Private companies are required to report under Sarbanes-Oxley. ANS:F 37. Some firms question the costs/benefits of implementing Sarbanes-Oxley. ANS:T 38. For many companies that use December 31 for the year-end, we cannot tell if December 31 was selected because it represents a natural business year or if it was selected to represent a calendar year. ANS:T 39. Accounting Trends & Techniques is a compilation of data obtained by a survey of 600 annual reports to stockholders undertaken for the purpose of analyzing the accounting information disclosed in such reports. ANS:T 40.Many companies are on a 51-52 week fiscal year. ANS:F 41. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act has materiality implications. ANS:T 42. Web sites are not very useful when performing analysis. ANS:F 43. Accounting standards codification TM reorganizes the accounting pronouncements into approximately 90 accounting topics. ANS:T 44. Accounting standards codification TM addresses U. S. GAAP for nongovernmental entities. ANS:T PROBLEMS 1. Required: Listed below are several accounting principles and assumptions. Match the letter of each with the appropriate statement. a. Business entity|e. Historical cost|i.Full disclosure| b. Going concern|f. Conservatism|j . Verifiability| c. Time period|g. Realization|k. Materiality| d. Monetary unit|h. Consistency|l. Industry practices| 1. |Some industry practices lead to accounting reports that do not conform to the general theory that underlies accounting. | 2. |Requires the accountant to adhere as closely as possible to verifiable data. | 3. |Requires the entity to give the same treatment to comparable transactions. | 4. |Directs that the measurement that has the least favorable effect on net income and financial position in the current period be selected. 5. |The decision is made to accept some inaccuracy because of incomplete information about the future in exchange for more timely reporting. | 6. |Involves the relative size and importance of an item to a firm. | 7. |A reasonable summarization of financial information is required. | 8. |Deals with the problem of when to recognize revenue. | 9. |The primary value that is used for financial statements. | 10. |Standard of measure for financial sta tements. | 11. |The assumption that the entity being accounted for will remain in business for an indefinite period of time. 12. |Assumption that a business's financial statements are separate and distinct from the personal transactions of the owners. | ANS: 1. |l| 2. |j| 3. |h| 4. |f| 5. |c| 6. |k| 7. |i| 8. |g| 9. |e| 10. |d| 11. |b| 12. |a| 2. Required: State the accounting principle or assumption that is most applicable: a. |The company uses the same accounting principle from period to period. | b. |Financial statements are prepared periodically. | c. |Subscriptions paid in advance are recorded as unearned subscription income. | d. |All significant financial transactions are reported. | e. Personal transactions of the stockholders are not recorded on the company's financial statements. | f. |Land is recorded at $10,000, which was the amount paid. Current value of the land is $25,000. | g. |The accountants determine that the company is in danger of going bankrupt and therefore re fuse to certify the statements as prepared according to generally accepted accounting principles. | h. |The company loses a major customer and does not record a loss. | ANS: a. |consistency| b. |time period| c. |realization| d. |full disclosure| e. |business entity| f. |historical cost| g. |going concern| h. |transaction approach| . Listed below are ten interrelated elements that are directly related to measuring performance and status of an enterprise according to SFAC No. 6, â€Å"Elements of Financial Statements. † a. Assets|f. Comprehensive income| b. Liabilities|g. Revenues| c. Equity|h. Expenses| d. Investments by owners|i. Gains| e. Distribution to owners|j. Losses| Required: Match the letter with the appropriate definition. 1. |Probable future sacrifices of economic benefits arising from present obligations of a particular entity to transfer assets or provide services to other entities in the future as a result of past transactions or events. 2. |Increases in the equi ty of a particular business enterprise resulting from transfers to the enterprise from other entities of something of value to obtain or increase ownership interests (or equity) in it. Assets are most commonly received as investments by owners, but that which is received may also include services or satisfaction or conversion of liabilities of the enterprise. | 3. |A decrease in the equity of a particular business enterprise resulting from transferring assets, rendering services, or incurring liabilities by the enterprise to owners.Decreases ownership interest (or equity) in an enterprise. | 4. |Decreases in the equity (net assets) from peripheral or incidental transactions of an entity and from all other transactions and other events and circumstances affecting the entity during a period, except those that result from expenses or distributions to owners. | 5. |Outflows or other consumption or using up of assets or incurrences of liabilities (or a combination of both) from deliverin g or producing goods, rendering services, or carrying out other activities that onstitute the entity's ongoing major or central operations. | 6. |The change in equity (net assets) of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from nonowner sources. It includes all changes in equity during a period, except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners. | 7. |Probable future economic benefits obtained or controlled by a particular entity as a result of past transactions or events. | 8. |The residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting its liabilities. 9. |Inflows or other enhancements of assets of an entity or settlements of its liabilities (or a combination of both) from delivering or producing goods, rendering services, or engaging in other activities that constitute the entity's ongoing major or central operations. | 10. |Increases in the equity (net assets) from peripheral or incidental transa ctions of an entity and from all other transactions and other events and circumstances from revenues or investments by owners. | ANS: 1. |b| 2. |d| 3. |e| 4. |j| 5. |h| 6. |f| 7. |a| 8. |c| 9. |g| 10. |i| 4.Listed below are several qualitative characteristics. a. |understandability| b. |usefulness for decision making| c. |relevance| d. |reliability| e. |predictive| f. |feedback value| g. |timely| h. |verifiable| i. |representational faithfulness| j. |neutrality| k. |comparability| l. |materiality| m. |benefits of information should exceed its cost| Required: Match the letter (or letters) that goes with each statement. 1. |Two constraints included in the hierarchy. | 2. |For this quality, the information needs to have predictive and feedback value and be timely. | 3. These are the qualitative characteristics that are viewed as having the most importance. | 4. |SFAC No. 2 indicates that to be reliable, the information needs to have these characteristics. | 5. |Interacts with relevance and reliability to contribute to the usefulness of information. | 6. |Two primary qualities that make accounting information useful for decision making. | 7. |For this quality, the information must be verifiable, subject to representational faithfulness, and neutral. | 8. |SFAC No. 2 indicates that to be relevant, the information needs to have these characteristics. |ANS: 1. |l, m| 2. |c| 3. |a, b| 4. |h, i, j| 5. |k| 6. |c, d| 7. |d| 8. |e, f, g| 5. Listed below are ten phrases with the appropriate abbreviation. a. |Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)| b. |Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)| c. |American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA)| d. |Accounting Principles Board (APB)| e. |Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)| f. |Statements of Financial Standards (SFAS)| g. |Discussion Memorandum (DM)| h. |Statements of Position (SOP)| i. |Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF)| j. |Financial Reporting Releases (FRRs)| k. The Public Company Accounting O versight Board (PCAOB)| Required: Match the letter with the appropriate definition. 1. |Issued by the SEC and give the SEC's official position on matters relating to financial reports. | 2. |Accounting principles that have substantial authoritative support. | 3. |A task force of representatives from the accounting profession created by the FASB to deal with emerging issues of financial reporting. | 4. |Created by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. | 5. |Issued by the Accounting Standards Division of the AICPA to influence the development of accounting standards. 6. |A professional accounting organization whose members are certified public accountants (CPAs). | 7. |Issued official opinion on accounting standards between 1959-1973. | 8. |This board issues four types of pronouncements: (1) Statements of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS), (2) Interpretations, (3) Technical Bulletins, and (4) Statements of Financial Accounting Concepts (SFAC). | 9. |Presents all known facts and poi nts of view on a topic; issued by the FASB. | 10. |Issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and establish GAAP for specific accounting issues. 11. |Responsible for adopting auditing standards. | ANS: 1. |j| 2. |a| 3. |i| 4. |b| 5. |h| 6. |c| 7. |d| 8. |e| 9. |g| 10. |f| 11. |k| 6. Listed below are Concept Statements. a. |Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 1| b. |Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 2| c. |Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 3| d. |Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 4| e. |Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 5| f. |Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 6| g. |Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 7| Required:Match the letter that goes with each Concept Statement title. 1. |Objectives of Financial Reporting by nonbusiness| 2. |Elements of Financial Statements of Business Enterprises| 3. |Qualitative Characteristics of Accounting Information| 4. |Elements of Financial Statements (a replacement of No. 3)| 5. |Objective of Financial Reporting by Business Enterprises| 6. |Recognition and Measurement in Financial Statements of Business Enterprise| 7. |Using Cash Flow Information in Accounting Measurements| ANS: 1. |d| 2. |c| 3. |b| 4. |f| 5. |a| 6. |e| 7. |g|